feat(cses): more dp

cses/dynamic-programming/.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+BasedOnStyle: Google
+AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortCompoundRequirementOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortEnumsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false

cses/dynamic-programming/.clangd

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+CompileFlags:
+	Add:
+		-O2
+		-Wall
+		-Wextra
+		-Wpedantic
+		-Wshadow
+		-Wformat=2
+		-Wfloat-equal
+		-Wlogical-op
+		-Wshift-overflow=2
+		-Wnon-virtual-dtor
+		-Wold-style-cast
+		-Wcast-qual
+		-Wuseless-cast
+		-Wno-sign-promotion
+		-Wcast-align
+		-Wunused
+		-Woverloaded-virtual
+		-Wconversion
+		-Wsign-conversion
+		-Wmisleading-indentation
+		-Wduplicated-cond
+		-Wduplicated-branches
+		-Wlogical-op
+		-Wnull-dereference
+		-Wformat=2
+		-Wformat-overflow
+		-Wformat-truncation
+		-Wdouble-promotion
+		-Wundef
+		-DLOCAL
+		-std=c++20
+		-Wno-unknown-pragmas

cses/dynamic-programming/array-description.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+#include <bits/stdc++.h>  // {{{
+
+// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/96344
+
+#pragma GCC optimize("O2,unroll-loops")
+#pragma GCC target("avx2,bmi,bmi2,lzcnt,popcnt")
+
+using namespace std;
+
+using i32 = int32_t;
+using u32 = uint32_t;
+using i64 = int64_t;
+using u64 = uint64_t;
+using d64 = double;
+using d128 = long double;
+template <typename T>
+using vec = std::vector<T>;
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+using arr = std::array<T, N>;
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+using pai = std::pair<T1, T2>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MIN = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MAX = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sc(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sz(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x.size());
+}
+
+static void NO() {
+  std::cout << "NO\n";
+}
+
+static void YES() {
+  std::cout << "YES\n";
+}
+
+#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
+#define rall(x) (x).rbegin(), (x).rend()
+
+#ifdef LOCAL
+#define db(...) std::print(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define dbln(...) std::println(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define db(...)
+#define dbln(...)
+#endif
+//  }}}
+
+static constexpr u64 MOD = 1e9 + 7;
+
+void solve() {
+  u32 n, m;
+  cin >> n >> m;
+  vec<i64> a(n);
+  for (auto& e : a)
+    cin >> e;
+
+  vec<i64> prev(m + 1, 0);
+  if (a[0] != 0) {
+    prev[a[0]] = 1;
+  } else {
+    for (u32 i = 1; i <= m; ++i)
+      prev[i] = 1;
+  }
+
+  for (u32 i = 2; i <= n; ++i) {
+    vec<i64> cur(m + 1, 0);
+    if (a[i - 1] == 0) {
+      for (u32 x = 1; x <= m; ++x) {
+        for (i64 delta = -1; delta <= 1; ++delta) {
+          if (1 <= x + delta && x + delta <= m)
+            cur[x] = (cur[x] + prev[x + delta]) % MOD;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (i64 delta = -1; delta <= 1; ++delta) {
+        if (1 <= a[i - 1] + delta && a[i - 1] + delta <= m)
+          cur[a[i - 1]] = (cur[a[i - 1]] + prev[a[i - 1] + delta]) % MOD;
+      }
+    }
+    prev = cur;
+  }
+
+  i64 ans = 0;
+  for (auto e : prev) {
+    ans = (ans + e) % MOD;
+  }
+  cout << ans << '\n';
+}
+
+int main() {  // {{{
+  cin.tie(nullptr)->sync_with_stdio(false);
+  cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
+
+  int tc = 1;
+  // cin >> tc;
+
+  for (int t = 0; t < tc; ++t) {
+    solve();
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+// }}}

cses/dynamic-programming/book-shop.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#include <bits/stdc++.h>  // {{{
+
+// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/96344
+
+#pragma GCC optimize("O2,unroll-loops")
+#pragma GCC target("avx2,bmi,bmi2,lzcnt,popcnt")
+
+using namespace std;
+
+using i32 = int32_t;
+using u32 = uint32_t;
+using i64 = int64_t;
+using u64 = uint64_t;
+using d64 = double;
+using d128 = long double;
+template <typename T>
+using vec = std::vector<T>;
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+using arr = std::array<T, N>;
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+using pai = std::pair<T1, T2>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MIN = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MAX = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sc(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sz(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x.size());
+}
+
+static void NO() {
+  std::cout << "NO\n";
+}
+
+static void YES() {
+  std::cout << "YES\n";
+}
+
+#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
+#define rall(x) (x).rbegin(), (x).rend()
+
+#ifdef LOCAL
+#define db(...) std::print(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define dbln(...) std::println(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define db(...)
+#define dbln(...)
+#endif
+//  }}}
+
+void solve() {
+  u64 n, x;
+  cin >> n >> x;
+  vec<u64> pages(n), prices(n);
+  for (auto& e : prices)
+    cin >> e;
+  for (auto& e : pages)
+    cin >> e;
+
+  vec<u64> dp(x + 1, 0);
+
+  for (u64 i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+    for (u64 j = x; j >= 1; --j) {
+      if (j >= prices[i - 1])
+        dp[j] = max(dp[j], dp[j - prices[i - 1]] + pages[i - 1]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  cout << dp[x] << '\n';
+}
+
+int main() {  // {{{
+  cin.tie(nullptr)->sync_with_stdio(false);
+  cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
+
+  int tc = 1;
+  // cin >> tc;
+
+  for (int t = 0; t < tc; ++t) {
+    solve();
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+// }}}

cses/dynamic-programming/coin-combinations-i.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#include <bits/stdc++.h>  // {{{
+
+// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/96344
+
+#pragma GCC optimize("O2,unroll-loops")
+#pragma GCC target("avx2,bmi,bmi2,lzcnt,popcnt")
+
+using namespace std;
+
+using i32 = int32_t;
+using u32 = uint32_t;
+using i64 = int64_t;
+using u64 = uint64_t;
+using d64 = double;
+using d128 = long double;
+template <typename T>
+using vec = std::vector<T>;
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+using arr = std::array<T, N>;
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+using pai = std::pair<T1, T2>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MIN = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MAX = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sc(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sz(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x.size());
+}
+
+static void NO() {
+  std::cout << "NO\n";
+}
+
+static void YES() {
+  std::cout << "YES\n";
+}
+
+#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
+#define rall(x) (x).rbegin(), (x).rend()
+
+#ifdef LOCAL
+#define db(...) std::print(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define dbln(...) std::println(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define db(...)
+#define dbln(...)
+#endif
+//  }}}
+
+static constexpr u64 MOD = 1e9 + 7;
+
+void solve() {
+  u64 n, x;
+  cin >> n >> x;
+  vec<u64> c(n);
+  for (auto& e : c)
+    cin >> e;
+  sort(all(c));
+
+  vec<u64> distinct(x + 1, 0);
+  distinct[0] = 1;
+
+  for (u64 i = 1; i <= x; ++i) {
+    for (u64 j = 0; j < n && c[j] <= i; ++j) {
+      if (distinct[i - c[j]] != 0) {
+        distinct[i] = (distinct[i] + distinct[i - c[j]]) % MOD;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  cout << distinct[x] << '\n';
+}
+
+int main() {  // {{{
+  cin.tie(nullptr)->sync_with_stdio(false);
+  cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
+
+  int tc = 1;
+  // cin >> tc;
+
+  for (int t = 0; t < tc; ++t) {
+    solve();
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+// }}}

cses/dynamic-programming/coin-combinations-ii.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#include <bits/stdc++.h>  // {{{
+
+// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/96344
+
+#pragma GCC optimize("O2,unroll-loops")
+#pragma GCC target("avx2,bmi,bmi2,lzcnt,popcnt")
+
+using namespace std;
+
+using i32 = int32_t;
+using u32 = uint32_t;
+using i64 = int64_t;
+using u64 = uint64_t;
+using d64 = double;
+using d128 = long double;
+template <typename T>
+using vec = std::vector<T>;
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+using arr = std::array<T, N>;
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+using pai = std::pair<T1, T2>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MIN = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MAX = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sc(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sz(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x.size());
+}
+
+static void NO() {
+  std::cout << "NO\n";
+}
+
+static void YES() {
+  std::cout << "YES\n";
+}
+
+#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
+#define rall(x) (x).rbegin(), (x).rend()
+
+#ifdef LOCAL
+#define db(...) std::print(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define dbln(...) std::println(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define db(...)
+#define dbln(...)
+#endif
+//  }}}
+
+static constexpr u64 MOD = 1e9 + 7;
+
+void solve() {
+  u64 n, x;
+  cin >> n >> x;
+  vec<u64> c(n);
+  for (auto& e : c) {
+    cin >> e;
+  }
+  sort(all(c));
+
+  vec<u64> ways(x + 1, 0);
+  ways[0] = 1;
+  for (u32 i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+    for (u64 j = c[i]; j <= x; ++j) {
+      ways[j] = (ways[j] + ways[j - c[i]]) % MOD;
+    }
+  }
+
+  cout << ways[x] << '\n';
+}
+
+int main() {  // {{{
+  cin.tie(nullptr)->sync_with_stdio(false);
+  cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
+
+  int tc = 1;
+  // cin >> tc;
+
+  for (int t = 0; t < tc; ++t) {
+    solve();
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+// }}}

cses/dynamic-programming/compile_flags.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+-O2
+-Wall
+-Wextra
+-Wpedantic
+-Wshadow
+-Wformat=2
+-Wfloat-equal
+-Wlogical-op
+-Wshift-overflow=2
+-Wnon-virtual-dtor
+-Wold-style-cast
+-Wcast-qual
+-Wuseless-cast
+-Wno-sign-promotion
+-Wcast-align
+-Wunused
+-Woverloaded-virtual
+-Wconversion
+-Wsign-conversion
+-Wmisleading-indentation
+-Wduplicated-cond
+-Wduplicated-branches
+-Wlogical-op
+-Wnull-dereference
+-Wformat=2
+-Wformat-overflow
+-Wformat-truncation
+-Wdouble-promotion
+-Wundef
+-DLOCAL
+-std=c++23

cses/dynamic-programming/debug_flags.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+-g3
+-fsanitize=address,undefined
+-fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero
+-fsanitize=float-cast-overflow
+-fno-sanitize-recover=all
+-fstack-protector-all
+-fstack-usage
+-fno-omit-frame-pointer
+-fno-inline
+-ffunction-sections
+-D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG
+-D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDANTIC

cses/dynamic-programming/dice-combinations.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#include <bits/stdc++.h>  // {{{
+
+// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/96344
+
+#pragma GCC optimize("O2,unroll-loops")
+#pragma GCC target("avx2,bmi,bmi2,lzcnt,popcnt")
+
+using namespace std;
+
+using i32 = int32_t;
+using u32 = uint32_t;
+using i64 = int64_t;
+using u64 = uint64_t;
+using d64 = double;
+using d128 = long double;
+template <typename T>
+using vec = std::vector<T>;
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+using arr = std::array<T, N>;
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+using pai = std::pair<T1, T2>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MIN = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MAX = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sc(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sz(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x.size());
+}
+
+static void NO() {
+  std::cout << "NO\n";
+}
+
+static void YES() {
+  std::cout << "YES\n";
+}
+
+#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
+#define rall(x) (x).rbegin(), (x).rend()
+
+#ifdef LOCAL
+#define db(...) std::print(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define dbln(...) std::println(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define db
+#define dbln
+#endif
+//  }}}
+
+constexpr u64 MOD = 1e9 + 7;
+
+void solve() {
+  u64 n;
+  cin >> n;
+
+  u64 six = 6;
+  vec<u64> toss(n + 1, 0);
+  toss[0] = 1;
+  for (u64 i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
+    for (u64 j = 1; j <= min(six, i); ++j) {
+      toss[i] = (toss[i] + toss[i - j]) % MOD;
+    }
+  }
+
+  cout << toss[n] << '\n';
+}
+
+int main() {  // {{{
+  cin.tie(nullptr)->sync_with_stdio(false);
+  cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
+
+  int tc = 1;
+  // cin >> tc;
+
+  for (int t = 0; t < tc; ++t) {
+    solve();
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+// }}}

cses/dynamic-programming/grid-paths.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#include <bits/stdc++.h>  // {{{
+
+// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/96344
+
+#pragma GCC optimize("O2,unroll-loops")
+#pragma GCC target("avx2,bmi,bmi2,lzcnt,popcnt")
+
+using namespace std;
+
+using i32 = int32_t;
+using u32 = uint32_t;
+using i64 = int64_t;
+using u64 = uint64_t;
+using d64 = double;
+using d128 = long double;
+template <typename T>
+using vec = std::vector<T>;
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+using arr = std::array<T, N>;
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+using pai = std::pair<T1, T2>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MIN = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MAX = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sc(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sz(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x.size());
+}
+
+static void NO() {
+  std::cout << "NO\n";
+}
+
+static void YES() {
+  std::cout << "YES\n";
+}
+
+#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
+#define rall(x) (x).rbegin(), (x).rend()
+
+#ifdef LOCAL
+#define db(...) std::print(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define dbln(...) std::println(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define db(...)
+#define dbln(...)
+#endif
+//  }}}
+
+static constexpr u64 MOD = 1e9 + 7;
+
+void solve() {
+  u64 n;
+  cin >> n;
+  vec<string> board(n);
+  for (auto& e : board)
+    cin >> e;
+
+  vec<u64> moves(n + 1, 0);
+  moves[1] = board[0][0] == '.';
+
+  for (u64 r = 1; r <= n; ++r) {
+    for (u64 c = 1; c <= n; ++c) {
+      if (board[r - 1][c - 1] == '*') {
+        moves[c] = 0;
+      } else {
+        moves[c] = (moves[c - 1] + moves[c]) % MOD;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  cout << moves[n] << '\n';
+}
+
+int main() {  // {{{
+  cin.tie(nullptr)->sync_with_stdio(false);
+  cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
+
+  int tc = 1;
+  // cin >> tc;
+
+  for (int t = 0; t < tc; ++t) {
+    solve();
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+// }}}

cses/dynamic-programming/io/array-description.in

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+10 3
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

cses/dynamic-programming/io/array-description.out

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+8119
+
+[code]: 0
+[time]: 3.31473 ms

cses/dynamic-programming/io/book-shop.in

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+4 10
+4 8 5 3
+5 12 8 1

cses/dynamic-programming/io/book-shop.out

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+13
+
+[code]: 0
+[time]: 4.72617 ms

cses/dynamic-programming/io/coin-combinations-i.in

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+3 9
+2 3 5

cses/dynamic-programming/io/coin-combinations-i.out

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+8
+
+[code]: 0
+[time]: 4.17066 ms

cses/dynamic-programming/io/coin-combinations-ii.in

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+3 9
+2 3 5

cses/dynamic-programming/io/coin-combinations-ii.out

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+3
+
+[code]: 0
+[time]: 4.31561 ms

cses/dynamic-programming/io/dice-combinations.in

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+3

cses/dynamic-programming/io/dice-combinations.out

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+4
+
+[code]: 0
+[time]: 4.10962 ms

cses/dynamic-programming/io/grid-paths.in

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+4
+....
+.*..
+...*
+*...

cses/dynamic-programming/io/grid-paths.out

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+3
+
+[code]: 0
+[time]: 4.26126 ms

cses/dynamic-programming/io/minimizing-coins.in

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+1 1000000
+1

cses/dynamic-programming/io/minimizing-coins.out

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+1000000
+
+[code]: 0
+[time]: 5.76615 ms

cses/dynamic-programming/io/removing-digits.in

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+27

cses/dynamic-programming/io/removing-digits.out

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+5
+
+[code]: 0
+[time]: 4.68349 ms

cses/dynamic-programming/makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+.PHONY: run debug clean setup init
+
+SRC = $(word 2,$(MAKECMDGOALS))
+
+.SILENT:
+
+run:
+	sh scripts/run.sh $(SRC)
+
+debug:
+	sh scripts/debug.sh $(SRC)
+
+clean:
+	rm -rf build/*
+
+setup:
+	test -d build || mkdir -p build
+	test -d io || mkdir -p io
+	test -d scripts || mkdir -p scripts
+	test -f compile_flags.txt || cp $(HOME)/.config/cp-template/compile_flags.txt .
+	test -f .clangd || cp $(HOME)/.config/cp-template/.clangd .
+	test -f .clang-format || cp $(HOME)/.config/cp-template/.clang-format .
+
+init:
+	make setup
+
+%:
+	@:

cses/dynamic-programming/minimizing-coins.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#include <bits/stdc++.h>  // {{{
+
+// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/96344
+
+#pragma GCC optimize("O2,unroll-loops")
+#pragma GCC target("avx2,bmi,bmi2,lzcnt,popcnt")
+
+using namespace std;
+
+using i32 = int32_t;
+using u32 = uint32_t;
+using i64 = int64_t;
+using u64 = uint64_t;
+using d64 = double;
+using d128 = long double;
+template <typename T>
+using vec = std::vector<T>;
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+using arr = std::array<T, N>;
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+using pai = std::pair<T1, T2>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MIN = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MAX = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sc(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sz(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x.size());
+}
+
+static void NO() {
+  std::cout << "NO\n";
+}
+
+static void YES() {
+  std::cout << "YES\n";
+}
+
+#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
+#define rall(x) (x).rbegin(), (x).rend()
+
+#ifdef LOCAL
+#define db(...) std::print(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define dbln(...) std::println(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define db(...)
+#define dbln(...)
+#endif
+//  }}}
+
+void solve() {
+  u64 n, x;
+  cin >> n >> x;
+  vec<u64> c(n);
+
+  for (auto& e : c)
+    cin >> e;
+  sort(all(c));
+
+  vec<i64> make(x + 1, MAX<i64>);
+  make[0] = 0;
+
+  for (u64 i = 1; i <= x; ++i) {
+    for (u32 j = 0; j < n && c[j] <= i; ++j) {
+      if (make[i - c[j]] != MAX<i64>)
+        make[i] = min(make[i], 1 + make[i - c[j]]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (make[x] == MAX<i64>) {
+    cout << "-1\n";
+  } else {
+    cout << make[x] << '\n';
+  }
+}
+
+int main() {  // {{{
+  cin.tie(nullptr)->sync_with_stdio(false);
+  cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
+
+  int tc = 1;
+  // cin >> tc;
+
+  for (int t = 0; t < tc; ++t) {
+    solve();
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+// }}}

cses/dynamic-programming/removing-digits.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+#include <bits/stdc++.h>  // {{{
+
+// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/96344
+
+#pragma GCC optimize("O2,unroll-loops")
+#pragma GCC target("avx2,bmi,bmi2,lzcnt,popcnt")
+
+using namespace std;
+
+using i32 = int32_t;
+using u32 = uint32_t;
+using i64 = int64_t;
+using u64 = uint64_t;
+using d64 = double;
+using d128 = long double;
+template <typename T>
+using vec = std::vector<T>;
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+using arr = std::array<T, N>;
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+using pai = std::pair<T1, T2>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MIN = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr T MAX = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sc(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+[[nodiscard]] static T sz(auto&& x) {
+  return static_cast<T>(x.size());
+}
+
+static void NO() {
+  std::cout << "NO\n";
+}
+
+static void YES() {
+  std::cout << "YES\n";
+}
+
+#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
+#define rall(x) (x).rbegin(), (x).rend()
+
+#ifdef LOCAL
+#define db(...) std::print(__VA_ARGS__)
+#define dbln(...) std::println(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define db(...)
+#define dbln(...)
+#endif
+//  }}}
+
+void solve() {
+  u64 n;
+  cin >> n;
+
+  auto biggest = [](u64 x) -> u64 {
+    u64 ans = 0;
+    while (x) {
+      ans = max(ans, x % 10);
+      x /= 10;
+    }
+    return ans;
+  };
+
+  u64 ans = 0;
+
+  while (n) {
+    ++ans;
+    n -= biggest(n);
+  }
+
+  cout << ans << '\n';
+}
+
+int main() {  // {{{
+  cin.tie(nullptr)->sync_with_stdio(false);
+  cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
+
+  int tc = 1;
+  // cin >> tc;
+
+  for (int t = 0; t < tc; ++t) {
+    solve();
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+// }}}

cses/dynamic-programming/scripts/debug.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+. ./scripts/utils.sh
+
+SRC="$1"
+BASE=$(basename "$SRC" .cc)
+INPUT="${BASE}.in"
+OUTPUT="${BASE}.out"
+DBG_BIN="${BASE}.debug"
+
+test -d build || mkdir -p build
+test -d io || mkdir -p io
+
+test -f "$INPUT" && test ! -f "io/$INPUT" && mv "$INPUT" "io/"
+test -f "$OUTPUT" && test ! -f "io/$OUTPUT" && mv "$OUTPUT" "io/"
+
+test -f "io/$INPUT" || touch "io/$INPUT"
+test -f "io/$OUTPUT" || touch "io/$OUTPUT"
+
+INPUT="io/$INPUT"
+OUTPUT="io/$OUTPUT"
+DBG_BIN="build/$DBG_BIN"
+
+compile_source "$SRC" "$DBG_BIN" "$OUTPUT" @debug_flags.txt
+CODE=$?
+test $CODE -gt 0 && exit $CODE
+
+execute_binary "$DBG_BIN" "$INPUT" "$OUTPUT"
+exit $?

cses/dynamic-programming/scripts/run.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+. ./scripts/utils.sh
+
+SRC="$1"
+BASE=$(basename "$SRC" .cc)
+INPUT="${BASE}.in"
+OUTPUT="${BASE}.out"
+RUN_BIN="${BASE}.run"
+
+test -d build || mkdir -p build
+test -d io || mkdir -p io
+
+test -f "$INPUT" && test ! -f "io/$INPUT" && mv "$INPUT" "io/"
+test -f "$OUTPUT" && test ! -f "io/$OUTPUT" && mv "$OUTPUT" "io/"
+
+test -f "io/$INPUT" || touch "io/$INPUT"
+test -f "io/$OUTPUT" || touch "io/$OUTPUT"
+
+INPUT="io/$INPUT"
+OUTPUT="io/$OUTPUT"
+RUN_BIN="build/$RUN_BIN"
+
+compile_source "$SRC" "$RUN_BIN" "$OUTPUT" ""
+CODE=$?
+test $CODE -gt 0 && exit $CODE
+
+execute_binary "$RUN_BIN" "$INPUT" "$OUTPUT"
+exit $?

cses/dynamic-programming/scripts/utils.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+execute_binary() {
+  binary="$1"
+  input="$2"
+  output="$3"
+
+  start=$(date '+%s.%N')
+  timeout 2s ./"$binary" <"$input" >"$output" 2>&1
+  CODE=$?
+  end=$(date '+%s.%N')
+  truncate -s "$(head -n 1000 "$output" | wc -c)" "$output"
+
+  if [ $CODE -ge 124 ]; then
+    MSG=''
+    case $CODE in
+    124) MSG='TIMEOUT' ;;
+    128) MSG='SIGILL' ;;
+    130) MSG='SIGABRT' ;;
+    131) MSG='SIGBUS' ;;
+    136) MSG='SIGFPE' ;;
+    135) MSG='SIGSEGV' ;;
+    137) MSG='SIGPIPE' ;;
+    139) MSG='SIGTERM' ;;
+    esac
+    [ $CODE -ne 124 ] && sed -i '$d' "$output"
+    test -n "$MSG" && printf '\n[code]: %s (%s)' "$CODE" "$MSG" >>"$output"
+  else
+    printf '\n[code]: %s' "$CODE" >>"$output"
+  fi
+
+  printf '\n[time]: %s ms' "$(awk "BEGIN {print ($end - $start) * 1000}")" >>$output
+  return $CODE
+}
+
+compile_source() {
+  src="$1"
+  bin="$2"
+  output="$3"
+  flags="$4"
+
+  test -f "$bin" && rm "$bin" || true
+  g++ @compile_flags.txt $flags "$src" -o "$bin" 2>"$output"
+  CODE=$?
+
+  if [ $CODE -gt 0 ]; then
+    printf '\n[code]: %s' "$CODE" >>"$output"
+    return $CODE
+  else
+    echo '' >"$output"
+    return 0
+  fi
+}