diff --git a/scrapers/codeforces.py b/scrapers/codeforces.py
index 7a96483..43d7328 100644
--- a/scrapers/codeforces.py
+++ b/scrapers/codeforces.py
@@ -401,7 +401,8 @@ def _login_headless_cf(credentials: dict[str, str]) -> LoginResult:
 
             try:
                 browser_cookies = session.context.cookies()
-                cookie_cache.write_text(json.dumps(browser_cookies))
+                if any(c.get("name") == "X-User-Handle" for c in browser_cookies):
+                    cookie_cache.write_text(json.dumps(browser_cookies))
             except Exception:
                 pass
 
@@ -478,10 +479,7 @@ def _submit_headless(
         if "/enter" in page.url or "/login" in page.url:
             needs_relogin = True
             return
-        try:
-            _solve_turnstile(page)
-        except Exception:
-            pass
+        _solve_turnstile(page)
         try:
             page.select_option(
                 'select[name="submittedProblemIndex"]',
@@ -550,7 +548,7 @@ def _submit_headless(
 
             try:
                 browser_cookies = session.context.cookies()
-                if browser_cookies:
+                if any(c.get("name") == "X-User-Handle" for c in browser_cookies):
                     cookie_cache.write_text(json.dumps(browser_cookies))
             except Exception:
                 pass
diff --git a/scrapers/cses.py b/scrapers/cses.py
index ef5deda..cbf76e2 100644
--- a/scrapers/cses.py
+++ b/scrapers/cses.py
@@ -352,8 +352,12 @@ class CSESScraper(BaseScraper):
             f"{API_URL}/login", headers=HEADERS, timeout=HTTP_TIMEOUT
         )
         api_data = api_resp.json()
-        token: str = api_data["X-Auth-Token"]
-        auth_url: str = api_data["authentication_url"]
+        token: str | None = api_data.get("X-Auth-Token")
+        auth_url: str | None = api_data.get("authentication_url")
+        if not token:
+            raise RuntimeError("CSES API login response missing 'X-Auth-Token'")
+        if not auth_url:
+            raise RuntimeError("CSES API login response missing 'authentication_url'")
 
         auth_page = await client.get(auth_url, headers=HEADERS, timeout=HTTP_TIMEOUT)
         auth_csrf = re.search(r'name="csrf_token" value="([^"]+)"', auth_page.text)
@@ -388,8 +392,8 @@ class CSESScraper(BaseScraper):
                 timeout=HTTP_TIMEOUT,
             )
             return r.status_code == 200
-        except Exception:
-            return False
+        except (httpx.ConnectError, httpx.TimeoutException, httpx.NetworkError):
+            raise
 
     async def submit(
         self,